Describe different mode of FILE.

MODES        WHAT IT IMPLIES

r            Read-only mode.

The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the file.

This is the default mode.

r+           Read-write mode. The file pointer will be at the beginning of the file.

w            Write-only mode.

Overwrites the file if the file exists.

If the file does not exist, creates a new file for writing.

w+           Read-write mode.

Overwrites the existing file if the file exists.

If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing.

a            Write-only mode.

The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists.

That is, the file is in the append mode.

If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for writing.

a+           Read and write mode.

The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists.

The file opens in the append mode.

If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for reading and writing.

How do I become computer literate?

Are you the kind of parent who has absolutely no idea how to use a computer? Someone who has never touched a computer before and just got here by luck? This article will help you become computer literate.

Steps

1. 
   1
   Find a real person to help you; not just someone online. Some good people to ask are your own kids. They know a lot about the computer, but they may be annoyed if you ask too much. Also, check out some books at the library about computers. There are a couple of good books out there.
2. 
   2
   Learn the basic steps to get on the computer. Learn how to turn the computer on, off, on standby if applicable, how to log off if using Windows XP, and how to put discs in the disc drive.
3. 
   3
   Learn about the assorted programs and applications that you will be using.Install them on the computer by placing the CD into the disc drive, and following the installation wizard that pops up on the screen. After installing, play around with the application. this will help you understand the program better.
4. 
   4
   Learn a little about some of the chat jargon or chatspeak. Some examples are “lol” (laugh out loud), and “btw” (by the way). Also pay attention to – 1337 speak, which means “leet” or “elite”. You won’t really need to worry about Elite speak, as it was mainly used by hackers and crackers in the 1990s. Now it is mainly used by “wannabe” hackers, so you are most likely safe. Check out the external links for more information. Also, remember that this will help you figure out what you children are saying online when they send you IMs, or instant messages.
5. 
   5
   Set up an email account, which will be required to register with just about any website that allows posting messages (ie: forums, blogs, and sites with built-in chat rooms or IRC clients). Find a free email provider you like such as Google, Yahoo, Hotmail, or AOL. Sign up using their instructions.
6. 
   6
   Learn a little about bad people online. First, there are pedophiles which are a danger to your kids. There are also scams, viruses, cookie grabbers, and Trojan horses. See external links for more info. Also, always keep your computer up to date with security patches and other updates. Learn to recognize spam and forged emails some of which can look very real. Learn about money mule scams so that you do not fall for them.
7. 
   7
   Learn to protect your computer by installing anti-spy and anti-virus software.
8. 
   8
   Explore a little on the web. Visit Google.com to search for sites that focus on some of your interests.

Do I have what it takes to be a good programmer?

First off, I’ve never met anyone who has mastered C++. I doubt that even Bjarne Stroustrup is a master of C++, and he made it. There are even serious discussions about whether C++ semantics can be formalized, that is, whether it is mathematically possible.

Anyway, there are five prongs to becoming an expert in computer programming. I’m not going to condescend to you, and I’m not going to suggest anything I haven’t done myself.

The first is becoming an expert in computer programming. The way to do this is to program a lot of different things, a lot. Of all the buzzwords that keep coming out, one of the most useful is “design pattern.” I call this the art of making up names for things you already know how to do, but you can get a lot of good ideas. But mostly, you get to be an expert by doing it. Over and over. Work on free and open source projects. Build your own stuff for fun.

The second is understanding computer science. This is math and logic, but a somewhat unusual kind. Learn Boolean algebra, not just the basics to do logic, but the system by which logic can operate on the algebra itself. Learn algorithms and data structures; objects are pretty much just both in one box. Learn automata and grammars and their relationship to each other. Learn graph and set theory. Learn complexity and optimization and finite math, and a bit of calculus helps, too. These are not simply ways of learning how to program; they are ways of understanding the relationships within programs themselves.
The third is understanding computer engineering and architecture. This is the part that most never do; it seems to be a big leap. Get an Arduino or something and program it in assembly. Learn about basic gates. Wire things up yourself, using chips or relays or discrete components. Learn how software makes the switches go and the electrons flow.

The fourth is understanding people. This goes far beyond UI and UX and whatever it’s called this week. Every program you will ever write involves a person, even if you are the only one. Learn anthropology, sociology, psychology, and cognitive science. Learn literature and poetry and foreign languages and cultures.

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The fifth is understanding bullshit, because you are going to encounter a lot of it. You’ll get a lot in hot new buzzwords and development methodologies. You’ll see things that you think you don’t understand but really do, only you didn’t recognize the name. Learn about how ego works, even (or especially) your own.

If you do these things, you’ll learn things that nobody can teach you, and that is the difference between the expert and the merely competent. You’ll see connections between seemingly disparate things, and your brain will rewire itself. You’ll see underlying principles. You’ll see possibilities that others can’t.

Doing this is guaranteed to make you an expert. However, there is a cost and a caution. Becoming an expert is not necessarily good if you want a career, because most people who hire others aren’t experts and are doing the hiring because they aren’t experts. They’ll look at you funny, and it will be a struggle. Sometimes you’ll wish you weren’t an expert, but you won’t be able to go back.

But if you have already decided to become an expert, here’s more.

As you are doing this, I suggest hamstringing yourself. C++ is a big language with a lot of features, and it’s easy to get lost in how fun it is. But you can’t really appreciate a feature without knowing what it’s like to do without. So do things with limited resources. Make a binary adder using falling dominoes. Make a functional digital clock with neon bulbs, resistors, capacitors, diodes, wires, and a wall plug. Make a Turing machine with LEGO blocks. (Use a crank to run it.) If you’re really ambitious, make some logic using fluidics with a router and some Plexiglas and the nether end of a vacuum cleaner.

How do I create a repository program?

What is Serverless Computing?

Serverless backup is a method of offloading backup procedures from a server so that the time ordinarily devoted to backup functions can be used to carry out other server tasks. Ordinarily, the amount of time that a server can devote to processing requests from applications is limited by the backup window – the amount of time that must be reserved for data backup. Serverless backup is a storage area network (SAN) solution that is designed to lead to lower hardware costs and improved time-effectiveness, scalability, and fault tolerance. A number of companies, including Legato, Veritas, EMC, and Computer Associates offer or are developing serverless backup products.

How do I understand/learn algorithms?

Welcome to Learn Algorithms.

Hello! Welcome to our online programming tutorial website. This webpage is basically designed to serve as an online content for an algorithmic course focusing on programming as well as a programming course focusing on algorithms. The page is designed to help the programmers to participate in coding and programming competitions such as the ACM – ICPC.

    On this site you will learn all the basic algorithms and the data structures, required while implementing these algorithms. Some advanced and complex algorithms are also explained with possible simple ways. Though, it is not mandatory to have any expert knowledge of programming in order to learn these algorithms, yet some basic knowledge of programming might be a plus to understand them quickly. What required most is some hard work and some dedication. If you have both; No one can stop you from being a very good programmer.
Now, before diving deep, we must understand some basic terms, explaned below :

What is an algorithm ?
What are algorithms ? Why is the study of algorithms worthwhile ? What is the role of algorithms relative to other technologies used in computers ?

    Well, informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output. We can also view an algorithm as a tool for solving a well-specified computational problem. The statement of the problem specifies in general terms the desired input/output relationship. The algorithm describes a specific computational procedure for achieving that input/output relationship.

What is a data structure ?
A data structure is a way to store and organize data in order to facilitate access and modifications.Data structures are the heart of any sophisticated program. Selecting the right data structure can make an enormous difference in the complexity of the resulting implementation. Pick the right data representation, and your task will be easy to program. Pick the wrong representation, and you may spend enormous amounts of time and code covering up for your lousy initial decision. Data Structures are used to efficiently work with the data being used in our program.

    Stack, Queue, Tree etc. are few examples of the data structures having different capabilities and consequently being used for different applications in programming. You can learn more about them in the Data Structures section.

Does any specific programming language favor any algorithm/ Data Structure ?
And answer is NO! Algorithms and Data Structures are no way related to a particular language in specific. But yes, a language may provide some inbuilt tools or APIs which support any data structure type. But it never means that you can not develop the same APIs in any other language. You may choose any programming language to learn the algorithms and programming.

What are the sources to learn geometry for CAD programmers?

Geometric Programming is currently of interest in CAD (Computer Aided Design) and related areas such as computer graphics, modeling and animation, scientific simulation and robotics. A growing interest towards gemotric programming is forecast in the next few years with respect to market specific CAD applications (e.g. for architecture and mechanical CAD) and web-based collaborative design environments.
PLaSM is a general purpose functional language to compute with geometry which the authors use throughout their text. The PLaSM language output produces VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) files which are used to create virtual worlds. PLaSM blends the powerful algebraic approach to programming developed at IBM research, with a dimension-independent approach to geometric data structures and algorithms, This book shows that such geometric code can be surprisingly compact and easy to write.
It begins by introducing the basic programming with PLaSM and algebraic and geometric foundations of shape modeling, the foundations of computer graphics, solid modeling and geometric modeling of manifolds follows and finally discusses the application of geometric programming. For each topic, the mathematics is given, together with the PLaSM implementation (usually with a few lines of readable code) and some worked examples.
* Combines excellent coverage of the theory with well-developed examples
* Numerous applications eg. scientific stimulation, robotics, CAD, Virtual Reality
* Worked exercises for each topic
* Uses PLaSM language (supplied) throughout to illustrate techniques
* Supported with web presence
Written for Industrial Practioners developing CAD software, mechanical engineers in Graphics, CAD and CAM, undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering,as well as programmers involved with developing visualization software

Describe different categories of operator.

1. Arithmetic

Operators	Meaning
+	Adding or unary plus
–	Subtraction or unary minus
*	Multiplication
/	Division
%	Modulo division

1. Relational

Operators	Meaning
<	Is less than
<=	Is less than or equal to
>	Is Greater than
>=	Is greather than or equal to
==	Is equal to
!=	Is not equal to

• Logical

Operators	Meaning
&&	Logical AND
||	Logical OR
!	Logical NOT

1. Assignment

a=	a+1
a=	a-1
a=	a*(n+1)
a=	a/(n+1)
a=	a%b

1. Increment and decrement : ++, and – –
2. Conditional : ‘ ?’

• Bitwise

Operators	Meaning
&	Bitwise AND
!	Bitwise OR
^	Bitwise exclusive OR
<<	Shift left
>>	Shift right

• Special operators : &, *,->, “..” ;

How we can store the FORTRAN output results in different files?

code example:

open (unit = 4, file = 'generated_trajectories1.dat', form='formatted')

do time_nr=0, N
   write (4,*) dble(time_nr)*dt, initial_traj(time_nr)
end do

And now the point is to have it written in separate columns.

How does the computer understands images and audios?

All data inside a computer is transmitted as a series of electrical signals that are either on or off. Therefore, in order for a computer to be able to process any kind of data, including text, images and sound, they must be converted into binary form. If the data is not converted into binary – a series of 1s and 0s – the computer will simply not understand it or be able to process it.

Representing text

When any key on a keyboard is pressed, it needs to be converted into a binary number so that it can be processed by the computer and the typed character can appear on the screen.

A code where each number represents a character can be used to convert text into binary. One code we can use for this is called ASCII. The ASCII code takes each character on the keyboard and assigns it a binary number. For example:

• the letter ‘a’ has the binary number 0110 0001 (this is the denary number 97)
• the letter ‘b’ has the binary number 0110 0010 (this is the denary number 98)
• the letter ‘c’ has the binary number 0110 0011 (this is the denary number 99)

Text characters start at denary number 0 in the ASCII code, but this covers special characters including punctuation, the return key and control characters as well as the number keys, capital letters and lower case letters.

ASCII code can only store 128 characters, which is enough for most words in English but not enough for other languages. If you want to use accents in European languages or larger alphabets such as Cyrillic (the Russian alphabet) and Chinese Mandarin then more characters are needed. Therefore another code, called Unicode, was created. This meant that computers could be used by people using different languages.